What is a primary advantage of proprietary software over off-the-shelf software?

Proprietary software is specifically developed to meet the unique needs of a particular organization, which can provide significant advantages in various ways. One of the primary benefits is that it allows customization tailored to the organization's unique processes, workflows, and requirements. This can lead to a solution that is more efficient and effective at solving specific problems that are unique to that business, thereby providing a competitive advantage.

By addressing the particular challenges or requirements faced by an organization in a way that off-the-shelf software typically cannot, proprietary software helps the company differentiate itself from competitors. This tailored approach often results in improved functionality and efficiency, which can enhance the company's overall performance in its industry.

The other options relate to characteristics more typical of off-the-shelf software, which emphasizes broad applicability or cost considerations rather than the unique, tailored solutions offered by proprietary software.